The Negative Effects of Hubris in The Odyssey by Homer

As Thomas Jefferson once said, â€Å"Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst, and cold†. Hubris causes excessive arrogance in people, and can lead to their downfall. In The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus, a prideful warrior, tries to get back home to the island of Ithaca. Odysseus’ hubris ends up leading to many problems for himself and his crew. Hubris played a negative role in The Odyssey due to Odysseus revealing his identity to Polyphemus, not telling his crew about Aeolus’ bag of winds, and staying with Circe for a year. Odysseus’ hubris played a negative role when Odysseus revealed his identity to Polyphemus. Odysseus and his crew had just managed to escape from the Cyclops, Polyphemus, after driving a stake into his eye. But then, Odysseus told the blinded Cyclops his identity by shouting, â€Å"Cyclops – if any man on the face of the earth should ask you who blinded you, shamed you so- say Odysseus, raider of cities, he gouged out you eye, La ertes’ son who makes his home in Ithaca† (9, 558-562). Odysseus managed to tell Polyphemus his name, father, and home. Polyphemus then prayed to Poseidon, his father, to get revenge on Odysseus. Poseidon ended up killing Odysseus’ entire crew and delaying Odysseus for 10 years. None of those terrible consequences would have happened if Odysseus had suppressed his enormous pride. Odysseus’ hubris resulted in a lot of suffering for many people. Odysseus’ hubris prevents Odysseus and his crew from getting back to Ithaca again when Odysseus didShow MoreRelatedCompare Odysseus and Oedipus Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesrelentless tenacity. On the other hand, Odysseus and Oedipus also demonstrate their crude habits with their hubris behavior throughout their own prophecy. In addition to the similarities, the powerful gods play a significant role which drastically affects Odysseus and Oedipus’s fate. The gods play a significant role in the outcome of Odysseus and Oedipus’ destiny. In the poem The Odyssey, Odysseus is an epic king who is trying to return to Ithaca from the Trojan War. Throughout Odysseus’ journeyRead More A Comparison of Oedipus and Odysseus Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pagesusually demonstrates examples of hubris throughout the tale, which ultimately makes his journey more difficult.   The epic heroes differences vary but in the epic tale, The Odyssey written by Homer, and the Greek drama, Oedipus The King written by Sophocles, the differences is what makes Oedipus fail and Odysseus succeed.   In both these tales, the powerful gods enormously affect their decisions and the consequences they eventually have to face.    In the tale The Odyssey, Odysseus, the epic hero,Read MoreHeoes of the Iliad and the Odyssey1610 Words   |  7 Pagesway through out the great epics of the time. It is perhaps the single most important entity to some of the most renowned heroes. However, the desire for honor seems to have the power to lead such famous men into the clutches of â€Å"excessive pride†, or hubris (Oxford Dictionaries.com). As a result, choices tend motivated by the idea of increasing not only their honor, but soothing their insulted pride. Their actions tend to be chosen because of their honor was insulted, which as a result has wounded theirRead MoreNumerology in The Odyssey How numbers are used throughout The Odyssey by Homer and how they all symbolize different events or characters in the book2372 Words   |  10 PagesNumerology in The Odyssey Everything is named or numbered, but few people are conscious of the degree to which names and numbers influence their experience, progress, and communication, declared Juno Jordan, the grandmother of numerology (qtd. in Lagerquist and Lenard 4). Numerology, the language of numbers and moreover the study of how they relate to our lives, speaks about the hidden worlds contained within the simplest numbers. Numerology attempts to analyze numerical information, and makesRead MoreOdysseus as a Tragic Hero2449 Words   |  10 Pagesevery case, these heroic tales would always end with tragedy; the hero would be killed by a jealous lover, go mad, or have a loved one taken away from him. However, one Greek hero existed whose story did not end with tragedy: Odysseus. Homers The Odyssey is unique among all other Greek myths in that it is the only story in which the hero does not meet a tragic end; why is this so? From his words to his actions and from his companions to the way he handles c ertain situations, Odysseus is vastly differentRead MoreHuman Identity Of Identity1170 Words   |  5 Pages† - Erik Erikson. This year in class we have read Night by Elie Wiesel, The Chocolate War by Robert Cormier, The Odyssey by Homer, Beowulf, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. All of these stories show how mankind’s identity has been shaped by family, power, and fear. Mankind’s identity has been shaped by family. This is evident in Night, The Odyssey, and Oedipus Rex. In Night, Elie Wiesel and his father are separated from his mother and his sisters. So they stayRead MoreShakespeare s Hamlet : A Critical Thinker908 Words   |  4 Pagesstrike. A prominent component of this play is the act of revenge. â€Å"...In the complex web of human destinies, where so many lives are meshed intricately together, the freely chosen actions of one individual may breed damaging, entirely unforeseeable effects in the lives of others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  King Claudius uses revenge to get back at Hamlet for putting his reign of power on the line. Unfortunately, his plan leads to unintended consequences, leading to the death of nine main characters in the end. The mother ofRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 PagesAthens. Sophocles married twice (first to Nicostrate, and then to Theoris of Sccyon) and had two sons: Iophon, the tragedian, and Agathon, father of the younger Sophocles, also a writer of tragedies. The Greeks regarded Sophocles as a kind of tragic Homer, hailed him as the favorite of the gods and honored him with state sacrifices long after his death. The last part of his life coincided with the glorious age of Cimon and Pericles, the period of Athens’ greatest prosperity. Although he showed little

An Elderly With Congestive Heart Failure - 1429 Words

An elderly male with congestive heart failure was brought to a clinic because he was experiencing atrial fibrillation and had a ventricular response of 110 beats/min with palpitations and shortness of breath1. Medications that he was taking includes angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, Lisinopril, Carvediol, Digoxin, and Furosemide1. His left ventricular ejection fraction has been reduced to 25%1. Further examinations showed that he had edema in his legs and crackles at the base of his lungs1. He was then told to increase the dosage of Furosemide by taking the drug twice daily instead of once, and doubling the dose per administration1. One week later, the electrocardiogram revealed that he had ventricular arrhythmias such as premature†¦show more content†¦Stroke volume is the volume of blood the ventricle ejects per heartbeat, and factors such as preload, afterload, and contractility of the heart all have implications in stroke volume2. Preload describes the extent to wh ich the myocardial fiber stretches at the end of diastole, and afterload is the resistance the heart must overcome for the ventricle to eject blood2. Heart failure describes a syndrome in which the patient has a dysfunctional heart incapable of sustaining an adequate cardiac output, and this syndrome is responsible for a large portion of cardiovascular-related deaths2. There are two types of left ventricular dysfunction, one is systolic dysfunction which has implications in defective ventricular ejection and contraction, and the other is diastolic dysfunction which has implications in dysfunctional ventricular relaxation and filling2. Heart failure patients with systolic dysfunction have an ejection fraction of less than 40%, and heart failure patients with diastolic dysfunction have an ejection fraction of greater than 40%. In the case study, the patient has a left ventricular ejection fraction of 25% which means that he is suffering from systolic dysfunction. Consequences of left ventricular systolic dysfunction include ischemic diseases, atrial fibrillation, increased ventricular response, and myocardial infarctions2. Some of these symptoms were seen in the patient from the case study. Factors leading to left

Accounting Essays †BT Cashflow Changes Free Essays

BT Cashflow Changes. BT Group ( BT ) is the taking UK company supplying landline telecommunication services and equipment. It besides had the nomadic telecommunication concern which was later sold as MMO2. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Essays – BT Cashflow Changes or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the sale of nomadic concern, BT ‘s profile has now changed from a growing company to a mature hard currency bring forthing company. A ) Fiscal public presentation The most common nonsubjective appraisal of the fiscal public presentation of a house is the return it generates on its assets and the measure and quality of the returns. Measure is measured by the absolute and per centum alteration in entire net incomes. The net income and loss history of an administration and its analysis are the premier and first indexs of a house ‘s fiscal public presentation. The latest one-year consequences of BT is for the period stoping 31 March 2005. Appendix I shows the sum-up of cardinal net income and loss figures over the last three old ages. BT ‘s turnover and net income after revenue enhancement in 2005 have increased as compared to 2004 but are still lower than those in 2003. The turnover has declined by 5.7 % merely whereas net income after revenue enhancement has declined by 32.7 % over the two twelvemonth period. This shows that the concern has really low variable costs which is in line with the heavy fixed cost investings usually made by telecommunication companies in set uping their webs and subsequent really low variable costs in transporting informations. While turnover increased in 2005, runing net incomes have declined. This indicates that the concern is confronting some pricing force per unit areas or is passing more on advertizement as the operating net income declined by 0.5 % merely. BT ‘s 2005 net income after revenue enhancement was A ; lb ; 1,820m and was well higher than A ; lb ; 1,406m. Though the absolute net income is really high figure compared to most of the concerns and indicates that the company is in strong fiscal place, it besides shows that BT has high fiscal purchase. The company paid a important high involvement and if grosss and operating borders come under more force per unit area, it could hold problem paying involvement costs. BT is cognizant of this issue and has focused on cut downing its net debt. After confronting tough times in early 2000s, it has sold many old investings to raise money for refunding debt. BT ‘s portion monetary value rose after it announced its strategic determination to cut down net debt by raising money through divestments. The net involvement payments have declined from A ; lb ; 1,439m in 2003 to A ; lb ; 801m in 2005. Not merely that, the net involvement payment has declined from 49.5 % of operating net income to 29.0 % from 2003 to 2005. The decrease in net involvement as a per centum of operating net income is an of import betterment as it gives investors comfort that even if operating borders come under force per unit area, the company would still be able to run into its involvement liabilities. One speedy manner to analyze a company ‘s public presentation is to look at the net incomes per portion form. The net incomes per portion had besides a alteration form similar to that of net income after revenue enhancement. It foremost decreased from 31.4p in 2003 to 16.4p in 2004 before increasing to 21.4p in 2005. The 2005 addition in net incomes per portion highlights the betterment in public presentation. Though the net incomes did lessening in 2004, BT kept on increasing entire dividend paid to stockholders. This shows the direction ‘s religion in concern traveling frontward and its ability to run into higher dividend outlooks in future. The returns generated on assets is measured by Return on Capital employed ( ROCE ) . Appendix II shows the computation of ROCE for BT. BT had a healthy ROCE of 19.0 % and 20.7 % in 2004 and 2005. The quality of returns is measured by their consistence and by the spread of net incomes, i.e. , the per centum of net incomes being generated from different divisions and locations. The less trust of net incomes on any one division and/or location means the company is in better form to defy downswings in its markets. None of BT ‘s concern contributed more than 50 % in its turnover in the twelvemonth ended 31 March 2005 ( BT, 2005 ) . This indicates that BT Group is moderately good protected from the diminutions in a concern line. The state of affairs is somewhat different if we look at the operating net incomes where BT Wholesale division contributes more than 50 % of net runing net incomes. Any more border force per unit areas in this concern could cut down future net incomes. Most of BT ‘s net incomes originate from UK and hence it net incomes are susceptible to alterations in UK economic system. Fiscal place The fiscal place of a company covers its fiscal construction, its assets and liabilities, its liquidness and hazard direction attack ( Accounting Standards 2004/2005 ) . Appendix III gives the high spots of BT Group ‘s balance sheet from 2004 to 2005. The entire fixed assets have increased by A ; lb ; 639m in the last twelvemonth. While entire fixed assets have increased, the entire current assets have decreased by A ; lb ; 254m, so entire assets have increased by A ; lb ; 385m. The lower addition in entire assets as compared to increase in fixed assets is chiefly due to diminish in hard currency and investings. The major alteration in fiscal construction has occurred on the liabilities side. The entire current liabilities have gone up by A ; lb ; 3,938m due to increase in current loans and adoptions of A ; lb ; 3,227m. This shows that BT is financing much more of its assets from current adoptions. The monolithic addition in current loans and adoptions has reversed the net current assets ( liabilities ) place. BT had net current assets of A ; lb ; 2,027m in 2004 and had net current liabilities of A ; lb ; 2,165m in 2005, a net lessening in current assets of A ; lb ; 4,192m. While the current liabilities have increased, the long term creditors have decreased by A ; lb ; 4,335m. If we merely look at long-run creditors, the decrease is impressive and it gives more assurance to the investors that company is in better fiscal place now. But when we combine the lessening in long term creditors with the addition in current liabilities, the net alteration is really less. And the fact that alterations in current liabilities is chiefly due to borrowing alternatively of addition in trade creditors means that the funding of assets has simply shifted from long term adoptions to short term adoptions. The current assets to current liabilities ratio has declined from 1.24 to 0.83 in the last one twelvemonth, a mark of concern in footings of liquidness particularly when the addition in liabilities is non chiefly due to higher trade creditors. Debt to equity ratio indicates the funding of assets. BT had entire debt of A ; lb ; 13,697m in 2004 and the corresponding figure for 2005 was A ; lb ; 12,589m, a lessening of A ; lb ; 1,108m. If we now exclude hard currency and short term investings from entire debt, BT ‘s net debt was A ; lb ; 8,425m and A ; lb ; 7,786m in 2004 and 2005 severally. The net debt to book value of equity ratio declined from 2.75 in 2004 to 2.02 in 2005. This means that debt fundss about twice assets as being financed by equity. Higher sum of debt consequences in lower leaden mean cost of capital as debt is cheaper equity. But as BT reduces more debt, its leaden mean cost of capital will increase. The addition would be partly offset by lower cost of equity due to take down opportunities of bankruptcy. Hazard of bankruptcy is measured by involvement screen ratio which is defined as the ratio of hard currency available for involvement payments to net involvement. Appendix IV shows the EBITDA computation and involvement screen ratio. The involvement screen ratio has increased from 6.1 in 2004 to 7.0 in 2005. The healthy involvement screen ratio shows that BT has farther reduced the hazard of bankruptcy and is in better fiscal place now. The debt degree is now really much within manageable degrees and is more like a hard currency rich mature company. Companies usually tend to follow certain dividend tendency to signal market of their appraisal of future net incomes. Dividend declaration is besides portion of hazard direction as it is based on direction ‘s appraisal of future hard currency coevals and outgo outlooks. The hiking in dividend in 2004 and 2005 inspite of diminution in net incomes in 2004 shows the direction appraisal of future low hazards to hard currency flows. Fiscal Adaptability An entity ‘s fiscal adaptability is its ability to take effectual action to change the sum and timing of its hard currency flows so that it can react to unexpected demands or chances ( Accounting Standards 2004/2005, page 26 ) . Appendix V shows the chief elements of amalgamate hard currency flow statement of BT Group. BT Group is bring forthing high sums of hard currency influx from operating activities. During the twelvemonth ended 31 March 2005, the company generated A ; lb ; 5,900m of net hard currency from operating activities. BT is in telecommunication concern which demands comparatively high degree of absolute investings. It spent A ; lb ; 2,408m on capital outgo during the twelvemonth ended 31 March 2005. Even if we believe that all of capital outgo was required under normal operations, BT was still left with A ; lb ; 2,282m of excess hard currency in 2005. As we can see from the Appendix III that BT has now focused on refund of loans. During the last three old ages, the company has reduced adoptions by A ; lb ; 7,395m. Though BT is able to bring forth important sum of hard currency before disposals but that was non plenty in 2003 and 2004 to refund loans. The company so sold some of its investings to bring forth hard currency for loan refunds. BT besides pays a important sum of dividend to its stockholders. So if its cyberspace hard currency from operations do diminish in future, it has still some buffer in footings of dividend payments to take attention of loan refunds. B ) The aim of fiscal statement is to supply information about the coverage entity ‘s fiscal public presentation and fiscal place that is utile to a broad scope of users for measuring the stewardship of the entity ‘s direction and for doing economic determinations ( Accounting Standards, 2004, page 22 ) . The conformity of an entity ‘s fiscal studies with UK ‘s Accounting Standards can be gauged over two chief countries – content and format. Content is of import to give true and right image of a house ‘s fiscal public presentation and place. Different users need different information. Fiscal statements are used by investors to establish their investing determination. So it is of import that fiscal statements have the right content to assist accomplish this end. It is besides of import to hold right format of presentation. Investors are more likely to experience comfy if they see familiar presentation manner and can so measure the company easy. We will look at the content and major fiscal statements to see whether they comply with UK Accounting Standards. We will so besides at few extra notes to fiscal statements to see whether they are besides in line with true and just rule and give the readers a clear image of the entity. First of all we compare net income and loss statement with FRS 3 ‘Reporting fiscal public presentation ‘ . BT ‘s amalgamate net income and loss statement clearly shows the entire turnover and portion from joint venture and associates, and in making so gives more lucidity of its gaining base. The fiscal statement format is similar to the illustration formats shown in Accounting Standards 2004/2005. BT ‘s 2005 Annual Report nevertheless does n’t demo portion of turnover and net incomes from discounted operations ( BT, 2005 ) . It is because BT did n’t sell any concern in 2005. If we look at the 2002 Annual Report ( BT, 2002 ) , it shows the turnover and net incomes from discounted operations besides. The fiscal statement besides has statement of entire recognized additions and losingss in line with FRS 3 patterns. So the histories run into net income and loss statement UK Accounting Standards in footings of both content and format. We now compare BT ‘s hard currency flow statement with the format prescribed in FRS 1 ‘Cash flow statements ‘ . BT ‘s hard currency flow statement has non merely got all the headers but they are besides in the same order as mentioned in FRS 1. BT study besides gives sub-categories under the major headers and hence is a echt attempt to educate investors every bit much as possible on the coevals and usage of hard currency flows. BT hard currency flow statement uses the format prescribed for the ‘Group ‘ histories. The notes to fiscal statement besides has detailed describing on rapprochement of operating net income to run hard currency flows, analysis of net debt, acquisition and disposals in line with formats for the ‘Group ‘ histories. The following subdivision we analyse is on segmental coverage and look into its comparison with SSAP 25 ‘Segmental Reporting ‘ . SSAP 25 says that a populace limited company should supply segmental analysis on lines of concern category and geographical location. The notes to fiscal statement subdivision in the 2005 Annual Report has a subdivision on segmental coverage wherein BT shows the turnover, runing profit/ ( loss ) and net assets/ ( liabilities ) of different concern lines. It besides provides the above informations based on the geographical location of contrary coevals. The above meets SSAP 25 demands and besides helps investors make a better judgement of hazards faced by BT. BT is in telecommunication concern where engineering alteration is rapid. BT has acquired many companies in recent old ages to maintain gait with the technological developments. So it is of import to analyze the acquisition policies and revelations are in line with the UK Accounting Standards. FRS 6 ‘Acquisitions and Mergers ‘ and FRS 7 ‘Fair values in acquisition accounting ‘ govern the acquisition accounting policies. BT ‘s one-year study under ‘Notes to fiscal statements ‘ gives elaborate revelation of entire and just value of the acquisitions made by it. BT ‘s fiscal statements non merely give the book and just value of acquisitions but besides a elaborate account of them for each acquisition. The clear and easy to understand format of fiscal statements and the deepness of information in them signals that BT non merely merely make the lower limit to run into UK Accounting Standards but besides follows them in true spirit. Appendix I – Highlight of BT Group ‘s net income and loss histories ( Beginning: BT Annual Report and Form 20-F ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.btplc.com/Sharesandperformance/ Howwehavedone/Financialreports/Annualreports/AnnualReports.htm ) Appendix II – ROCE of BT Group ( Beginning: BT Annual Report and Form 20-F ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.btplc.com/Sharesandperformance/ Howwehavedone/Financialreports/Annualreports/AnnualReports.htm ) Appendix III – Highlight of BT Group ‘s balance sheet ( Beginning: BT Annual Report and Form 20-F ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.btplc.com/Sharesandperformance/ Howwehavedone/Financialreports/Annualreports/AnnualReports.htm ) Appendix IV – Interest screen ratio ( Beginning: BT Annual Report and Form 20-F ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.btplc.com/Sharesandperformance/ Howwehavedone/Financialreports/Annualreports/AnnualReports.htm ) Appendix V – Highlight of BT Group ‘s hard currency flow statements ( Beginning: BT Annual Report and Form 20-F ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.btplc.com/Sharesandperformance/ Howwehavedone/Financialreports/Annualreports/AnnualReports.htm ) Bibliography and mentions Accounting Standards 2004/2005 – Extant at 30 April 2004 ( 2004 ) ; Wolters Kluwer ( UK ) Limited. BT ( 2005 ) ; BT Annual Report and Form 20-F for the twelvemonth ended 31 March 2005 ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.btplc.com/Sharesandperformance/Howwehavedone/ Financialreports/Annualreports/AnnualReports.htm BT ( 2002 ) ; BT Annual Report and Form 20-F for the twelvemonth ended 31 March 2002 ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.btplc.com/Sharesandperformance/Howwehavedone/Financialreports/ Annualreports/Annualreportsarchive.htm How to cite Accounting Essays – BT Cashflow Changes, Essay examples

Labour Relations Productive Strategy

Question: You will be expected to use your answers for this activity in the module assignment. Read pages 113125 of the text. Answer the following questions in your reflective journal: Which strategy do you think is the most productive? I think the Union Acceptance strategy is the most productive because it represents a labor relations strategy where management chooses to see the union as its employees rep and accepts collective bargaining as an appropriate method for establishing workplace policies Do you feel that the Union Removal strategy is worth the risks? I dont feel that the Union Removal strategy is worth the risks because first, the right to unionize is protected by labour relations statutes. The management is actively trying to get rid of union and can be at risk of breaking the law. If every organization practiced the Union Substitution/Avoidance strategy, would there be a need for unions? Is this practicable? I believe if everyone practiced the Union Substitution/Avoidance strategy, we would most definitely still need unions. Establishing their own forms of representation can cause conflict between employer and employee. pages 113125 of the text. Answer the following questions in your reflective journal: Which strategy do you think is the most productive? I think the Union Acceptance strategy is the most productive because it represents a labor relations strategy where management chooses to see the union as its employees rep and accepts collective bargaining as an appropriate method for establishing workplace policies Do you feel that the Union Removal strategy is worth the risks? I dont feel that the Union Removal strategy is worth the risks because first, the right to unionize is protected by labour relations statutes. The management is actively trying to get rid of union and can be at risk of breaking the law. If every organization practiced the Union Substitution/Avoidance strategy, would there be a need for unions? Is this practicable? I believe if everyone practiced the Union Substitution/Avoidance strategy, we would most definitely still need unions. Establishing their own forms of representation can cause conflict between employer and employee. Answer: Summary One Yes there is sympathy about the third case study and about how the union will be dealing with such a scenario where it is expected to pay a benefit of $1 million for a maternity cause as well as for a case of retirement. Of course the union is not in a position to pay both. There can be two arguments or strategies that the union can take to lighten the pressure yet keep both these categories of employees happy. One solution can be partially paying both the parties. A $50 thousand to the woman asking for maternity compensation and another $50 thousand to the elderly man retiring. Along with it the organization can commit to pay the rest half in another installment. A second solution is to completely go for paying on the case of maternity benefit and not paying the retiring person at the moment. From the data we have we know the workplace has one third of it comprising of women. If one women undergoing pregnancy is deprived of payment then it can cause uncertainty and fear in the minds of the entire one third workforce. One the other hand the retiring serviceman has already spend his years contributing and have good faith that he will be compensated even if its late. The women all of whom are in their middle ages have long years remaining to serve the organization. And so the union cannot risk loosing a major portion of their workforce. The retiring employee has still time to be retired. In such cases Union must voice these with complete transparency to avoid disruption of disharmony in the workplace. Summary Two In every province, the legislation draws various employment standards. These set what the minimum employment standards will be. For example what will be the minimum payout, the maximum number of work hours, payments regarding overtime etc. Now all these apply for unionized workers. Here first of all we must keep this in mind that Jane is a unionized member and not a unionized one. When this thing is brought into the account of the authorities they will first analyze in which category the employee falls. As per the Employment Standards Act of British Columbia it is fair that unionized employees get terms of employment a bit lower than the minimum standards. This is because the unionized employees are getting other opportunities for earning high wages, they are trained, have secured jobs and many other perks. The employee has breached the Employment Standards Act as special benefits are available to only unionized members. Such kind of demands and expectations can create disharmony in any organization and create great pressure on the Union. One must adhere to the union laws and learn about the various comparisons given with non union members. The unions always are in a tendency to increase their memberships. They want more and more employees join the team. So in unorganized industries this many times become a hurdle. Unions when certified in turn faces pressure from within their own membership or crew where there is a lack of homogeneous groups. Different members have different values and hence separate goals. These also put union into serious situations.